TRAIL deletion prevents liver inflammation but not adipose tissue inflammation during murine diet‐induced obesity

Background & Aim TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its cognate receptor(s) are upregulated in human and murine nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the consequence of this enhanced expression on NASH pathogenesis remains unclear. TRAIL may either accentuate liver injury by promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation, or it may mitigate the disease process by improving systemic insulin resistance and averting hepatic fibrosis. Herein, we investigated the role of TRAIL in an obesity-induced murine model of NASH. Methods C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and Trail-/- mice were placed on a 20-week standard chow or FFC (high fat, fructose, and cholesterol) diet which induces obesity, insulin resistance and NASH. Metabolic phenotype, liver injury, inflammation and fibrosis, and adipose tissue homeostasis were examined. Results FFC diet-fed Trail-/- mice displayed no difference in weight gain and metabolic profile when compared to WT mice on the same diet. All FFC-fed mice developed significant hepatic steatosis, which was attenuated in Trail-/- mice. TRAIL deficiency also significantly decreased FFC diet-induced liver injury as manifest by reduced serum ALT values, hepatic TUNEL-positive cells and macrophage-associated inflammation. FFC diet-associated hepatic stellate cell activation and hepatic collagen deposition were also abrogated in Trail-/- mice. In contrast to the liver, TRAIL deletion did not improve FFC diet-induced adipose tissue injury and inflammation, and actually aggravated insulin resistance. In conclusion, these observations employing genetic TRAIL inactivation suggest that NASH pathogenesis may be dissociated from other features of the metabolic syndrome and liver-targeted inhibition of TRAIL signaling may be salutary.